Abstract: As the basic energy and industrial raw material, coal has provided an effective guarantee for the socio-economic development and the national energy security and stable supply in China. Since the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the independent innovation capability of the coal industry has been significantly improved as the core driving force for the coal industry healthy and orderly development, which has been realized the transformation from tracking, imitating to parallel running and leading in some areas, and has been achieved the outstanding achievements. This paper systematically summarizes the main achievements in Chinese coal technology during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and teases out the progress of theory, technology and engineering applications in seven fields, including coal geological exploration, mine construction, coal and associated resource mining, mine disaster prevention, coal machinery and equipment and their intelligence, clean coal technology, energy conservation and occupational health. Then this paper analyzes the common problems the current coal technology development faced and points out that the coal technological innovation abilities are still inadequate to support the high-quality development of Chinese coal industry. The coal scientific and technological development goals of the 14th Five-Year Plan period are put forward to improve the modern development, utilization theory and technical system of coal technology towards self-reliance. In order to provide guidance for the development direction of coal technology in the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, the main tasks of “31110” scientific and technological innovation are specified around the coal safe, green, intelligent mining and clean, efficient, low-carbon utilization, which include the three basic coal theories research: green intelligent coal mining, prevention and control of major coal mine disasters and coal cleanness conversion; the core technical research of ten key fields: coal resource exploration and geological protection, large-scale modern mine construction, coordinated mining of coal and associated resources, coal mine disaster prevention, coal mine intelligence and robots, clean and efficient coal processing, efficient conversion and utilization of coal, prevention of occupational hazards in coal mine, coal mine emergency rescue, and comprehensive utilization of resources and ecological protection; ten major technological innovation demonstrations: full-face rapid excavation of coal mine shaft, intelligent fully mechanized coal mining in complex geological conditions, intelligent coal mine construction, intelligent, fine and efficient washing, coal utilization technology, coal liquefaction and high-end chemical preparation, comprehensive utilization of underground space resources in abandoned mines, utilization of bulk solid waste resources in mining area, ecological restoration of large mining areas, accurate control of coal product quality; and hundreds of the promotions and applications of advanced applicable technologies, such as full-face rapid excavation of coal mine, intelligent coal mine construction, high effective dry coal beneficiation technology, et al.