煤系非常规天然气合采地质基础理论进展及展望

李 勇1,王延斌1,孟尚志2,吴 翔2,陶传奇1,许卫凯1

(1.中国矿业大学(北京) 地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100083; 2.中联煤层气有限责任公司,北京 100011)

摘 要:煤层气、煤系页岩气和煤系致密气在国内外多个盆地中同时赋存,分别实现了勘探开发,但是多层/多种非常规天然气同井筒开发仍未系统实施。实现多气协同开发,将大幅提高地下资源可动用率和开发经济效益。本文系统总结国内外典型盆地煤系气生烃演化、气藏赋存、储层物性和产出机理方面的进展和认识,以期为非常规天然气多气合采提供理论和方法借鉴。主要进展包括:① 煤系生烃超压或微裂缝沟通是气体运移、聚集的必要条件;② 煤系含气系统呈现箱式封存、连续运聚、动态转化、定向聚散的特点;③ 岩层组合、应力场、温度场、含气性等静态地质参数决定可采性,单层/多层相渗、储层压力、供液能力等动态参数决定产出效果;④ 物理实验和数值分析可模拟理想地质条件下的合采干扰因素,储层压力和渗透率是影响排水期和气水同产期渗流的主要因素;⑤ 合理的排水采气工艺和科学控制采气速度,可适当避免或控制层间和井筒内的干扰。后续研究的核心是“地质+工程”甜点区优选,需要解决的关键问题包括:① 叠置多类型气藏在地质演化过程的动态运聚过程,优势储层的形成与界定准则;② 煤系内复杂的气水分布关系和流体压力系统,如何保证增产改造措施的有效性和科学监测;③ 多层合采排采控制制度及产能预测方法。在具体工作中查明“煤系沉积—储层演化—生烃运聚—气水赋存”的动态耦合过程,围绕“开发地质选区—钻完井与储层保护—增产改造—合采制度及产能预测”进行攻关。根据不同地区煤系非常规天然气的共生特点,选择合适的技术实现同井筒合采,有助于提高经济效益和资源动用率。

关键词:煤系气;煤系三气;合采;产层组合;共采兼容性;鄂尔多斯盆地

煤系,又称含煤岩系、含煤地层、含煤建造,是一套含有煤层并有成因联系的沉积岩系(GB/T 15663.1—2008)。煤系气泛指赋存在煤系储集体中的各类天然气,以非常规天然气为主,如煤层气、煤系页岩气和煤系致密砂岩气,也包括煤系碳酸盐岩气、天然气水合物等[1]。当前国内外煤系天然气的研究对象主要是煤层气、致密气和过渡相/陆相页岩气(又称“煤系三气”),同时煤系气勘查开发概念的提出也是立足于煤层气勘探开发向煤系内多种非常规天然气共探合采转型。为区别于煤系天然气(不包括常规“圈闭型”煤系天然气)[2],笔者以“煤系非常规天然气”为术语开展论述,以涵盖煤系多气合采的渊薮、主体内容和研究实质。

煤系蕴藏着丰富的天然气,煤层气藏中的气体仅占煤化作用生成气体总量的很少一部分,大部分煤成气运移到了其他岩层[3-5]。中国煤系砂岩气资源丰富,初步估算资源量可达30.95万亿m3,约占全国天然气总资源量的60%[6]。煤系页岩气资源也很丰富,仅沁水盆地石炭二叠系暗色泥页岩潜在资源量达6.15万亿m3[7]。对煤层气而言,目前国内开采层位一般在1 200 m以浅,而埋藏1 200 m以深的煤层气资源量约占总资源量的50%以上,且多与致密砂岩气叠合共生,是近年煤层气和致密气合采的主要目标区和研究层位,已在鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘临兴地区进行了开发试验[8-10]

截至2017年,国内累计钻井17 000多口(其中水平井600余口),建设煤层气产能90亿m3/a,实现地面煤层气年产量49.5亿m3[11]。但当前煤层气单井产气量普遍较低,严重制约了煤层气产能的提高和产业的发展。在煤层气勘探开发过程中,鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭二叠系、准噶尔盆地东南缘侏罗系、辽宁阜新盆地白垩系、贵州上二叠统龙潭组等同井筒合采了煤层气和致密砂岩气,取得了良好的产气效果,为煤系非常规天然气合采提供了借鉴[6,8-10]。美国东部的Piceance,Powder River盆地等在煤层气开发过程中也直接将与煤层气储层紧邻、或有一定距离的致密砂岩层位同时打开,实现了同井筒同时排水采气[12-14]

近年来,国内能源界进一步关注到煤系非常规天然气资源潜力及开发价值,推动煤层气单独开发向煤系气共探合采转型,启动了三气合采国家科技重大专项,开展煤系非常规天然气共生成藏、共探合采技术的基础研究和示范基地的建设[15]。煤系非常规天然气单一储层产气量低,实现同井筒合采可以将难动用资源变为可动用,提高资源利用效率和产气效果[10,16]。本文回顾国内外有关煤系非常规天然气合采的理论认识成果和开发实践,系统论述煤系非常规天然气资源评价、多层含气系统、室内实验和室外开发试验方面的进展,以期为后续科学、有针对性地开发煤系非常规天然气提供支持。

1 国内外研究进展

煤系含气系统在地层垂向上叠置发育,大面积成藏,在美国San Juan,Black Warrior和Powder River盆地,澳大利亚Surat和Bowen盆地,以及国内的鄂尔多斯、四川等盆地均可见致密气、页岩气等非常规天然气富集(图1,表1)[17-26]

图1 煤系非常规天然气赋存示意[17]
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of unconventional gas occurrence in coal measures[17]

表1 国内外典型煤系盆地煤层气地质条件及煤系气赋存特征
Table 1 Geological conditions and occurrence characteristics of coalbed methane in typical coal bearing basins at home and abroad

国家盆地/地区煤层时代开采深度/m镜煤反射率/%煤系沉积环境煤层含气量/(m3·t-1)渗透率/10-15m2压力梯度/(MPa·hm-1)煤层气单井日产气/万m3煤厚/层数其他气藏类型San Juan[18-19]K150~8000.4~1.2三角洲体系8.5~20.01~500.80~1.360.7~5.09~30/1~5致密气、页岩气美国Black Warrior[20]C500~1 2000.7~1.9三角洲体系10~171~250.88~0.950.28~0.334~8/5~15致密气Appalachian[21]C400~8531.1~2.0三角洲沉积11~221~150.86~0.950.28~0.302~6/5~10致密气Powder RiverE120~3660.3~0.4河流三角洲0.6~5.010~200.70~0.970.2~0.412~30/2~5致密气Surat[22]K2—E150~8000.3~0.6河流-湖泊相3~92~100.90~1.000.2110~30/5~10页岩气、致密气澳大利亚Bowen[22]P150~6000.7~1.0河流-三角洲1~151~100.980.15~4.082~3/2~6致密气加拿大Alberta[23-24]K200~8000.3~0.8河流-滨岸2~1420~300.90~1.000.2510~25/5~10致密气、页岩气鄂尔多斯盆地东缘[25-26]C—P400~1 0000.6~2.2障壁潟湖、三角洲6~200.1~10.00.70~0.900.11~20/3~10致密气、页岩气沁水盆地[25-26]C—P300~1 5001.5~4.2潮坪-障壁砂坝-潟湖10~350.5~1.60.76~0.930.1~0.53.65~18.50致密气、页岩气中国黔西滇东[25-26]P400~1 2001.1~2.5潮坪-潟湖相4.4~16.00.005~0.50.66~1.430.1~0.50.2~3.0/17~73致密气、页岩气阜新盆地[25]K100~1 2000.3~0.7河流-沼泽相8.7~10.60.7~6.00.55~1.250.2~1.50.7~20/10~30致密气准噶尔盆地南缘[25-26]J400~1 2000.4~1.2冲积扇-扇三角洲-河流-沼泽相2~150.2~20.00.51~0.960.1~1.525~187/3~39致密气二连盆地吉尔噶朗图K200~9000.3~0.6扇三角洲-湖泊沉积0.4~4.0<10.95~1.050.260~220/6—

1.1 煤系生烃演化过程

一套含煤岩系一般形成于一定的构造时期,是含有煤层或煤线并具有成因联系的一套沉积岩系,主要沉积于海陆交互相或陆相环境,天然具有多种岩性叠加的沉积特征,赋存在不同构造性质的残留盆地[15]。煤系富有机质泥页岩、砂岩与煤层频繁交互出现,煤系在热演化过程中产生大量的气体,为非常规天然气的聚集提供了有利条件(图2)。总结来看,煤系非常规天然气有效赋存的物质基础主要体现在3个方面:

(1)煤系生气能力强,气体持续处于运、聚动态。煤的有机碳含量一般在60%~80%,煤系暗色泥页岩有机碳含量一般在1.5%~3.0%[27-28]。其中有机质丰度大于0.3%即可满足页岩气形成的物质条件[29],而煤系泥页岩的有机碳含量普遍高于页岩气聚集的评价标准。煤系烃源岩干酪根类型以 Ⅲ 型为主,辅以Ⅱ2型,为大量烃类气体的生成奠定了基础[15,17]。煤岩的生烃演化模拟结果表明,除原生生物气和次生生物气的生成外,煤层从煤化作用开始到镜质体反射率达4%,持续有热成因气的生成,远高于当前的吨煤含气量,为煤系砂岩等层位的气体聚集提供了充足的气源保障(图3)[30-31]

图2 过渡相和陆相煤系沉积和多种岩性叠置组合[27]
Fig.2 Transitional and continental facies deposits and multiple lithological stacking combinations[27]

图3 煤系生烃演化过程示意(基于文献[30]修改)
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of coal-bearing hydrocarbon generation evolution (modified based on Reference[30])

(2)煤系层系多,内幕封闭,多层次运聚成藏。煤层生成的天然气既可以沿煤层运移,在良好的封闭条件下,在浅部再次吸附[31];也可以在后期抬升过程中,由于储层压力的降低和气体的持续运移扩散,在邻近或上部砂岩中聚集成藏[9]。煤系岩性多样,单一地层一般相对较薄,互层频繁,可以在垂向上构成多套生储盖组合及多重内幕封盖。煤系中同一岩层(煤层、泥页岩层)可兼具源岩、储层和盖层的功能,导致同一组合中天然气既具有自生自储性质,又具有他生他储特征,呈现了多样化的气藏类型[5,8-9]。与此同时,薄互储层一方面可以增大煤层等烃源岩与邻近储层的接触面,利于气体排出并转换为游离气;二是薄互层利于天然裂隙发育,利于形成高渗复合储层[32]

(3)煤系气气源以煤型气为主,近源充注,煤系箱式封闭。煤系气成因包括原生生物气、热成因气和次生生物气,地层抬升阶段盖层突破导致热成因气与生物气混合,其中次生生物气具有一定贡献[33]。混合生物气可见于渤海湾、百色、淮南、恩红、苏北等地区的石炭、二叠、三叠和新近系煤层。临兴地区煤系致密气主体为煤型裂解气,充注方式为:煤层生气、气体膨胀力驱动,源岩内和近源致密砂岩储层充注[34]。与此同时,临兴地区山西组、太原组和石盒子组的致密气、苏里格地区山西组的致密气、延长气田本溪组和山西组中砂岩、页岩中的天然气碳同位素特征也显示煤系中气体来源以煤成气为主体,也在其他盆地得到证实(图4)。但是值得注意的是延长地区一部分山西组中的页岩气显示来自于油型气和混合气区,说明也有一部分油型气的补充(图4)。总体来看,煤系宏观呈现“箱体”的形态,其中致密气聚集有主源定型、储层相控、高压封闭、近源成藏的特点[35]。李勇等在解剖鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气富集成藏模式时,也揭示了此种富集形式[36]

图4 煤系气成因解释图版[37-40]
Fig.4 Interpretation of coal measures gas generation[37-40]

1.2 煤系含气系统

SCHMOKER在1995年率先提出连续型油气藏的概念,泛指在盆地中的致密砂岩、煤层、页岩等非常规储层中,大面积分布、缺乏明确油气水界面的油气聚集[41]。邹才能等指出连续油气藏多发育在含煤地层中,应“整体研究,整体部署,整体评价”[42],并提出以不同岩类储集层为核心的非常规“连续型”甜点区聚集理论[43]。在针对煤层气的讨论中,秦勇等(2008)基于贵州多煤层叠置,沉积-水文-构造条件耦合控气的特点,提出了多层叠置独立含煤层气系统的概念[44];AYERS在研究San Juan和Powder River盆地煤层气时,提出了“煤层气系统”的概念,认为煤层气的开发应考虑气体生成、储层特征、封闭性、渗透性和原位地层压力等因素[45]。LI等(2016)基于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘阐述了煤系连续性气藏的分布规律,讨论了煤层气、页岩气和致密气在煤系内连续聚集的特点,将煤系含气系统进行了整体讨论[5]

独立含气系统一般是具有统一的流体压力系统,包括含气储层、地层流体、独立的水动力系统、系统周边的封盖条件4个要素,并考虑地应力条件[46]。含气系统划分的要点在于地层压力系统和隔气阻水关键层的识别[8]。当前对含气系统的划分包括如下几种方案:① 基于等效储层压力梯度差异;② 基于最大海泛面附近发育的稳定海相泥岩,一般可见黄铁矿、菱铁矿、碳酸盐等强烈胶结且具有高突破压力;③ 定量化地将煤储层原地渗透率0.01×10-15m2 作为划分含气系统间的界限;④ 通过测井手段,将具有“四高两低”(高自然伽马、高声波时差、高补偿中子、高光电吸收截面指数、低深浅侧向电阻率)的煤系泥页岩作为隔气关键层[47-49];⑤ 以流体地球化学特征进行区分,以为水环境封闭指数评价底层封闭系统[50];⑥ 以流体压力曲线类型进行划分,将不同构造背景的流体压力系数随埋深增大划分为稳定型、衰减型和增强型,其中稳定型适合跨段合采[51]。上述划分方案均在当前的黔西、滇东等地区的含气系统划分中取得了应用。

在含气系统的地质评价中,取得了如下进展:① 充分认识到多层含气系统,特别是与煤系烃源岩共生或伴生的致密砂岩气是含煤盆地中的普遍现象,在美国Powder River,Piceance,澳大利亚Surat等盆地可见(图5)[52];② 煤层、暗色泥岩和炭质页岩是煤系中的主要烃源岩,砂岩、粉砂岩、泥页岩等低渗透岩层是气藏常见的储层,且不同气藏具有“多源多相、动态转化、定向聚散”的成藏特点[53],但实际工作发现,气体以煤成气为主体;③ 煤系中的非常规天然气应当作为一个系统进行研究,揭示煤化作用—构造作用—地质环境条件之间的时空耦合关系,探讨区域地质综合影响下的气体聚集控制作用,形成特有的研究与资源评价路线[54-56]

图5 国内外典型盆地煤系常见含气系统组合类型
Fig.5 Common gas bearing system combination types of coal measures in typical basins at home and abroad

1.3 储层地质参数

以“煤系气”+“储层”为检索词,在CNKI上可检索中文文献54篇,在关键词出现网络中核心为煤层气,其中关键节点包括成藏特征、组合模式、共探共采等词汇。其中“储层物性”与“成藏特征”和“成藏模式”多次重复关联出现,可见储层物性参数由于其多样储层的复杂性,有待进一步探索分析(图6)。笔者从考虑层间干扰的关键参数出发,分析其储层参数在煤系非常规天然气合采中的影响。

图6 “煤系气”+“储层”为检索文献中关键词共用网络
Fig.6 “Coal bearing gas”+“Reservoir” is the key words shared network in the search literature

煤储层物性与煤层气成藏及开采密切相关,主要包括孔-裂隙系统、孔渗性、含气性、储层压力和临界解吸压力等参数,受煤岩物质组成、煤沉积环境、煤变质作用程度及类型和构造应力场等多种因素制约,并且随着煤层气的开发,物性呈现动态变化[57]。煤层邻近的砂岩一般呈致密化,孔隙度<10%,渗透率在1×10-21~1×10-15 m2,场发射扫描电镜和Nano-CT等技术被先后用来表征其内部纳米孔隙的变化规律[58-59]。针对煤系储层物性表征成果主要集中在:煤岩/页岩的孔裂隙定量评价和渗透性的影响因素分析[60];致密砂岩的孔喉结构、成岩作用与孔隙结构关系和水相影响下的渗透性等[61];双层或多层致密砂岩中气体的流动规律[62]

煤层、致密砂岩和页岩共采是多套储集体的多元耦合,影响因素复杂,动态特征多变。对于多层合采,影响合采的地质参数包括两个方面。一方面储层本身所处的静态地质环境,主要包括储层组合、地层应力场、温度场和含气性等,决定了气体开发的经济性;二是储层的动态地质参数,包括储层压力差、临界解吸压力差、供液能力、渗透率、气水相渗等(图7)。笔者选取渗透率、储层压力、地层供液能力这3个关键地质参数进行论述。

图7 煤层气和致密气合采影响因素示意
Fig.7 Schematic diagram of influencing factors of coalbed methane and tight gas co-production

1.3.1 渗透率

渗透率差异较大的气层进行合采时,不同时期气层的产气贡献率不同,渗透率高的层气液流动速度快。渗透率越大,煤储层排水降压越容易,压降传递速度越快,压降漏斗传播距离较远,煤层气有效解吸面积越大,产气量越高[63]。对多煤层合采,如各层煤渗透率相差较大,高渗透率的煤层产水量高,低渗煤层产水量会相对较低。当各层补给能力相同时,产水量小的分层,压降范围有限,导致大量吸附气体不能降压解吸,进而影响低渗层对单井产能的贡献率。孟尚志等(2018)提出煤层气排采过程中所有层位的气、水都流动到井筒,不同层位的流动差异并不会影响其他层位[64]。其论述基于两点:① 井筒的水倒灌进砂岩层需要一定的启动压力梯度,在快速排水的情况下可消除井筒压力;② 当前砂岩层中也普遍产水,能够逆流倒灌存在疑问。多层合采并联实验[65]可以用来分析储层物性和压差的影响,模拟多种地层环境下的气体流动过程和渗透率变化。但是受限于实验气体管道的宽度限制,两层气体合并会产生竞争,在一定程度上影响真实结果反映(图8)。

1.3.2 储层压力

储层压力直接影响单层气藏的开发潜力,开发效果受控于储层压力和井底流压的差值[66]。储层压力一直被当作产生层间矛盾和差异的主要影响因素,顾虑有2点:① 当储层压力梯度相差很大时,高压层会抑制低压层产水甚至倒灌流入低压层,造成低压层排采降压时间增大,影响压力传递,也可能造成低压层水锁,影响合采效果不佳[65];② 为保证排采稳定性,在排采中后期会保持一定的井底压力,当储层压差较大时,高压层和低压层的供液能力相差明显,低压层产水量有限,储层压降速度较慢,而高压煤层可能由于产水量过快,会造成煤层吐砂吐粉,引起速敏效应。

图8 合采产能接替物理装置和实验思路
Fig.8 Co-production capacity replacement physical device and experimental method

1.3.3 地层供液能力

煤层气的开发需要排水降压,致密气的排采过程中也面临一定量地层水的产出[67]。对煤层而言,与顶底板含水层的水力联系直接关系到煤储层产水量的多少,也影响储层压力传递。当含水层与煤层水力联系密切程度较强时,煤层达到有效解吸的面积较小,影响煤层气井产能。当含水层与煤层之间存在隔水层,水力联系程度较弱时,排水降压过程中排采的液体主要来自于煤层中的承压水,随着排采的进行,压力降落漏斗在煤层中不断的向远处扩展,煤层达到有效解吸的面积较大,气井产能将大大提高。对于产水量的多少,如果采用井底下抽油机的方式,每天的排水量可在2~50 m3/d自由调整,可以满足合理控制井筒液面高度的需求。

1.4 协同产出要素

煤层气藏均不同程度的含水且水呈不断流动的状态,产气过程中一般伴随大量水的产出,气、水的赋存状态和流动行为在气藏和单井的动态研究中十分重要[68]。目前针对多层合采工艺和开采方面:一是开展了大型压裂物理模拟实验,评价了裂缝的延展规律;二是建立合采数学模型,评价了合采的敏感性影响因素和压裂配套设计[69];三是基于数值模拟,讨论了典型地区合采的基本条件[70];四是通过增加悬挂套管和连通管,设计了煤系“三气”原位分隔合采工艺技术[71]

为了模拟煤系多产层直井压裂过程中不同产层在不同压裂液黏度、不同注入速率条件下,水力裂缝穿层扩展行为,学者们提出了针对性的压裂物理模拟实验,但目前尚无现场应用的报道[72]。煤系煤层、泥页岩和砂岩具有不同的应力应变性质,直接影响合层改造效果。沁水盆地数据显示应力控制下各类储层起裂压力大小为:煤<砂岩<泥页岩,煤起裂压力转换深度最大;天然裂隙起裂程度大小为:泥页岩>砂岩>煤;压裂新起裂角展布趋势相似[73]

多层合采在致密气开发中比较常见,但是实现煤层气、致密气两层或多层的合采是近几年的新问题[74]。针对气藏多层开采的特点,利用压力平衡原理计算和绘制各个气层和气井的流入动态曲线,建立了一套以时间为变量的气藏多层节点分析方法,形成多节点协调分析的多层合采可行性分析与产量预测研究方法。邵长金等(2012)[75]针对煤层气藏多层合采井的一般模型,指出各分层的渗透率、初始地层压力、初始含气饱和度对合采产能有重要影响,而分层厚度、解吸特性对合采的影响较小。考虑煤层气开发基础,孟尚志等(2018)[10]运用等值渗流理论,分别推导了排水期及气水同产期煤层砂岩合采排水量方程及产气方程,分析了排水过程中影响排水量的一些重要参数,为煤层气致密气两层合采气藏合理压差确定奠定了基础。同时建立了排水期和气水同产期不稳定渗流数学模型,分析了排水期和气水同产期的流动特征,设计了定产,定压及变压生产制度下的产能变化情况,在定压生产的条件下,并未发现砂岩产气及产水量有改变,两层合采未见干扰[62]。李勇等(2018)基于数值模拟软件建立了煤层气致密气合采模型,通过与单层模型的验证,证明了该模型的适用性[63]

在具体的模拟计算中,合采是否存在干扰需要注意是采用定压还是定产的开发模式,如果采用定产则毫无疑问将存在干扰,因为必定会有某一层位的产能受限[62-63]。采用限定井底流压,则干扰到底是如何影响作用的,特别是在实际生产中采用井底下抽油机的方式,可以保证最大限度排水[64]。如果夹层分布不稳定,在远井区域,上下致密储层相联通,而不同的层位的近井带压降不同,因此在远井带会出现储层的压力干扰[76]。与此同时干扰的讨论还包括,煤层气-致密气储层的合采也会出现一定的逸散问题以及储量转移、气体在井筒内部的干扰问题等。

2 研究展望

2.1 叠置气藏的动态运聚过程反演及优势储层界定

煤系叠置气藏中的致密气多数是由煤层在热演化过程中多期充注形成,因此从煤层气通向致密气的流动通道是存在的,部分是由垂向裂缝组成[9]。生烃引起的超压会在烃源岩层内部形成一定数量的微裂缝,但是气体的运移或逸散是生烃时期发生的,还是构造运动时期发生的仍不明确。煤系生烃过程中产生的大量气体在不同层位会再次吸附成藏,会记录在流体包裹体或反映在甲烷碳同位素上,譬如在韩城地区因构造抬升引起的甲烷解吸分馏[31]。但是当前气井产出气中很难准确界定煤层、页岩层中生成的气体,钻井过程中的岩样解吸气更难以准确定量,这些问题有待进一步的碳同位素数据分析和气体采样测试结果来分析解决。

在甜点区预测中,需要注意煤系差异沉积环境决定了煤层、砂岩、泥页岩具有不同的层位组合类型,同时也直接影响这几种储层,特别是砂岩和泥页岩的岩矿组成和物性特征。后期的成岩演化过程中,由于煤层、泥页岩生烃过程中伴随着一定量的CO2和有机酸的生成,会影响砂岩的孔隙结构和渗透率,进而影响开发效果。与此同时,不同的地层组合影响烃类的运距过程,在最大生烃阶段,大量的气体向上部和下部地层运移、逸散,需要良好的封盖层以保证气体能被储存。在气体的运移过程中,如何有效地在圈闭中聚集或者再次吸附成藏,对后续优势地层组合的遴选具有重要意义。与此同时,气体运聚也影响地层水分布,生烃过程中会将地层水排除,但是后期随着储层压力降低,地层含水量会再次升高,这些受最大生烃位置和后期逸散速率影响。在煤系沉积形成—储层成岩演化—生烃运移聚集和气水赋存产出的一系列过程中,何种层位或哪种组合为最优势的有限开发储层有待进一步阐释(图9)。

图9 煤系非常规天然气合采地质基础及研究模型
Fig.9 Geological basis and research model of coal bearing unconventional natural gas co-production

2.2 增产改造措施的有效控制和监测

煤系内部气水分布关系复杂,多套流体压力系统共存,当叠置含气系统紧邻或间距较小,系统之间的动态平衡关系脆弱,易于受到开采扰动而发生系统间干扰;同一含气系统内部储层的岩性变化大,如煤储层紧邻页岩储层或致密砂岩储层,不同岩性储层的力学性质差异显著,常规措施难以对各类储层进行统一且有效的改造。

对于同属一个压力系统且距离较近的煤层,如果采用合层压裂,需明确水力裂缝穿层扩展的非平面形态和影响因素,掌握人工裂缝穿层扩展规律。与此同时,需要优化多层压裂时压裂裂缝穿层扩展的可控参数,明确现场缝高控制问题,特别是现场试验效果如何有待进一步验证和综合评价[53]。其中室内实验条件和数模的关键问题在于明确合理的边界条件,建立符合真实储层的模型,并结合岩石力学实验、储层的地质构造特征描述及天然裂缝发育情况,依据测井、压裂曲线及相对应泵注流程、加砂加液数据、微地震等监测资料综合验证对比。

2.3 多层合采排采制度及产能预测

致密砂岩气开发过程中发展了多种排水采气工艺,包括有泡排、气举、柱塞、电潜泵、机抽和射流泵等排水采气工艺,同时这些工艺技术在近几年也被应用到煤层气开发中[66]。国内针对性地设计了多种管柱和排采控制方案[65],但是受限于现场试验井数量较少,尚未开展针对性和规模化应用。在开展排采制度和产能预测的数值模拟工作中,当前没有现成的软件。特别是如何将致密砂岩孔隙介质、煤岩基质和割理组成的双重介质、页岩孔隙和裂隙的双重介质及其气、水产出在同一井筒内实现,是制约多层非常规天然气产能预测的难题。与此同时,排水采气可以在一定条件下实现多气合采,但是如何控制压降速率,保证最大的采气和采气效果尚没有合理的理论方程和模式。因此亟需建立多储层综合渗流模型,开展井筒—多层气藏压力耦合变化模拟研究,建立多层合采定量化排采控制制度(图10)。

图10 煤系非常规天然气合采技术研究序列
Fig.10 Research sequence of coalbed unconventional natural gas co-production technology

3 结 论

(1)国内外多个煤系盆地同时赋存两种或多种非常规天然气,资源潜力丰富。煤层和煤系泥页岩生气能力强,烃类在地质演化过程处于持续的运、聚动态平衡。煤系层系多,旋回性强,气体呈现多层次成藏。煤系在最大生烃时期地层超压,大量的烃类向其他地层运移富集,后期构造抬升持续卸压调整,游离气含量降低。对甜点区和层位优选,应寻找具有优势致密气封盖条件的储层组合和连续性煤层和致密砂岩储层的叠合层位。

(2)不同储层压力、物性等直接影响多层合采工程实践,其中储层渗透率、储层压力、供液能力等参数直接影响排采工艺和设备选择。对一定深度范围内连续分布的储层,优选同时进行储层改造;对于有一定距离的储层,则要关注排采初期和关井期间的压力变化,避免因压力系统差异造成的流体倒灌,造成“水锁”等伤害。

(3)合采储层改造和排采制度是实现单井高产的关键因素,特别是多类型储层可改造性差异、压裂裂缝的穿层致裂机理及压裂工艺和压裂裂缝的监测技术。在实际开发中,需要建立准确的井筒压力耦合变化规律模型,定量化地控制井底流压以保证合采气井稳产。煤系非常规天然气合采的技术序列包括地质选区评价技术、钻完井与储层保护技术、增产改造技术及配套工艺以及合采排采制度和产能预测。

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Theoretical basis and prospect of coal measure unconventional natural gas co-production

LI Yong1,WANG Yanbin1,MENG Shangzhi2,WU Xiang2,TAO Chuanqi1,XU Weikai1

(1.School of Geoscience and Surveying,China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing 100083,China; 2.China United Coalbed Methane Ltd.,Beijing 100011,China)

Abstract:Coalbed methane,shale gas and tight gas within coal measures exist simultaneously in many basins worldwide,with the successful exploration and development of specific gas respectively.However,the multi-layer/multi-unconventional natural gas development in the same wellbore has not yet been systematically implemented.The realization of multi gas collaborative development will greatly improve the availability of underground resources and economic benefits.This paper systematically summarizes the development and understanding of hydrocarbon generation evolution,gas reservoir occurrence,reservoir physical properties and production mechanism of coal bearing gas occurrence in typical basins in order to provide theoretical and methodological reference for unconventional gas multi gas co-production.The main progresses include ① the overpressure or micro-fissure during hydrocarbon generation of coal measures is the necessary condition for gas diffusion and migration continuously to adjacent layers;② coal bearing gas system presents the characteristics of box sealing,continuous migration and accumulation,dynamic transformation and directional accumulation and dispersion;③ static geological parameters such as strata combination,stress field,temperature field and gas bearing property determine the recoverability,and dynamic parameters such as single/multi-layer phase permeability,reservoir pressure and liquid supply capacity determine the production performance;④ physical experiment and numerical analysis can simulate the interference factors of combined mining under ideal geological conditions,and reservoir pressure and permeability are the main factors affecting the seepage in drainage period and gas water production period;and ⑤ a reasonable drainage gas production process and scientific control of gas production speed can properly avoid or control the interference between layers and in the wellbore.The key in co-production research is “geology+engineering” dessert area selection.The key problems needed to be solved include ① the dynamic migration and accumulation process of superimposed multi type gas reservoirs in the geological evolution process,and the formation and recognition criteria of dominant reservoirs;② the complex gas-water distribution relationship and fluid pressure system in coal measures,and how to ensure the effectiveness and scientific monitoring of stimulation measures;and ③ the multi-layer combined production and drainage control system and productivity prediction method.The detailed works are to clarify the dynamic processes of coal measures sedimentary,reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation and migration,and gas-water occurrence and flow state.The technical sequences are geological selection,drilling and completion and reservoir protection,stimulation and transformation technology,drainage system and productivity prediction.According to the coexistence characteristics of multi-layered unconventional natural gas in coal measures in different areas,choosing appropriate technology to realize co-production within one wellbore will significantly reduce development costs,improve economic benefits and resource utilization.

Key words:coal measure gas;“three gases” in coal measures;co-production;production layers combination;co-production compatibility;Ordos Basin

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李勇,王延斌,孟尚志,等.煤系非常规天然气合采地质基础理论进展及展望[J].煤炭学报,2020,45(4):1406-1418.doi:10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.1305

LI Yong,WANG Yanbin,MENG Shangzhi,et al.Theoretical basis and prospect of coal measure unconventional natural gas co-production[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2020,45(4):1406-1418.doi:10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.1305

中图分类号:P618.11

文献标志码:A

文章编号:0253-9993(2020)04-1406-13

收稿日期:2019-09-22

修回日期:2020-02-16

责任编辑:韩晋平

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(41702171,U1910205);国家科技重大专项资助项目(2016ZX05066)

作者简介:李 勇(1988—),男,山东潍坊人,副教授,博士。E-mail:liyong@cumtb.edu.cn