Abstract: The borehole transient electromagnetic method is used to detect the long-range water-bearing bodies around the borehole wall by using the advanced water exploration borehole in the heading roadway, which avoids the “one’s opinion in one hole” because the normal logging methods can only detect the rock layer of the borehole wall. At present, because of the whole space effect, the current borehole transient electromagnetic method cannot distinguish the orientation of abnormal bodies by the received single-component response, and it can approximate the orientation of abnormal bodies by multi-component response, but it is difficult to precisely locate and interpret the profiles by the visual and effective means such as imaging. Based on the theory of borehole transient electromagnetic method and azimuthal electromagnetic logging, this paper proposes a borehole transient electromagnetic positioning method with azimuthal coil scanning detection. The azimuth coil is used as the detection device to reduce the mutual inductance of the coil and enhance the detection effect of the borehole transient electromagnetic method. At the same time, by changing the rotation angle of the coil, the borehole wall is scanned by 360° to form a radial all-round detection of the borehole, aiming at a precise localization and profile interpretation of low-resistance abnormal bodies in the rock mass at the periphery of the borehole wall. Firstly, the authors derive an analytical expression for the mutual inductance of an azimuth coil, discuss the effect of azimuth angle on azimuth coil mutual inductance, and determine the optimum azimuth angle by numerical calculation. Secondly, a full-space 3D geological-geophysical model of the borehole with homogeneous medium and low-resistance abnormal bodies are established respectively and the numerical simulation of transient electromagnetic field is carried out. The multi-component response characteristics of the azimuthal coil scanning detection transient electromagnetic response are analyzed, and the law of transient electromagnetic response of azimuthal coil scanning detection is summarized, and the borehole transient electromagnetic positioning method with azimuthal coil scanning detection is determined. Namely, through the transient electromagnetic response characteristics of the axial and radial directions of the borehole, the position of the low-resistance abnormal bodies in the rock body at the periphery of the borehole wall is determined. Finally, by establishing the geological-geophysical model with two low-resistance bodies and using azimuth coils set to the best azimuth angle for numerical experiments, it is verified that the method can intuitively and effectively determine the orientation of low resistance abnormal bodies. The study shows that the azimuth coil scanning detection results of the borehole transient electromagnetic method can better reflect the transient electromagnetic field anomaly caused by the low-resistance abnormal bodies in the rock body at the periphery of the borehole wall, and the resolution of the full-space apparent resistivity imaging results is high. Based on the transient electromagnetic response characteristics of the axial and radial directions of the borehole, the borehole transient electromagnetic positioning method with azimuthal coil scanning detection has a high resolution and localization accuracy for the low-resistance abnormal bodies in the rock body at the periphery of the borehole wall. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of the borehole transient electromagnetic positioning method with azimuthal coil scanning detection.