Abstract: In response to the challenging task of accurately identifying the main hazard-causing layer of overlying strata in the coal mine surface hydraulic fracturing construction, this study focuses on the industrial test of ground hydraulic fracturing at the 401102 working face of the Mengcun Coal Mine. The research is conducted using the methods of theoretical analysis, microseismic monitoring, and on-site investigation to reveal the dynamic disaster mechanism of mine earthquakes and rock bursts induced by the movement of thick and hard overlying strata in the coal mines. The relationship between the movement characteristics of thick and hard overlying strata based on a three-zone structure loading model of overlying strata and induced dynamic disasters is analyzed, and a prediction model for mining seismic energy and an estimation model for equivalent additional stress in mining areas based on the movement state of key layers are established. A coal mine identification technology for the main hazard-causing layer of overlying strata is proposed based on the K-means clustering algorithm and the elbow rule. The construction layer for hydraulic fracturing is determined, and an industrial test is carried out on-site. The effectiveness is verified based on the microseismic monitoring data and theoretical analysis results, leading to the following conclusions. In the Mengcun Coal Mine’s 401102 working face, both the key stratum responsible for rock bursts and mine seismic activities can be traced to the R₉ key stratum of the Anding Group, situated 66 meters away from the coal seam. The primary fracturing movement of this critical stratum R₉ imparts an equivalent supplementary disturbance stress value of 7.23 MPa, with the seismic energy liberated by this initial rupture motion quantifying to 6.08×10⁵ J, thereby indicating a pronounced susceptibility towards catastrophic occurrences. After fracturing the key layer which induces mining earthquakes and rock bursts, the theoretical value of the mine earthquake energy is reduced by 94%, and the theoretical value of the equivalent disturbance stress of the working face is reduced by 76%. High-energy microseismic events above the working face with an energy of 5×10³ J show a noticeable upward trend, with an upward movement of approximately 15 m. The frequency ratio of microseismic events with an energy level of 10³ J or higher significantly decreases from 60.39% to 17.89%, and the maximum microseismic event energy decreases from 6.65×10⁵ J to 9.75×10³ J. The proportion of microseismic events with an energy level of 10² J and below significantly increases from 39.61% to 82.11%.