Abstract: Aiming at the problem of deformation and damage of surrounding rock in the roadway of coal mine back to mining, the study is carried out from the perspective of plastic dissipation generated by surrounding rock, so as to form a stable system in terms of the nature of damage, mechanism and control. The characteristics of dissipative energy distribution and the distribution equation are proposed, and the influencing factors that cause the plastic dissipative energy of surrounding rock to change morphologically are theoretically investigated. The connection between the distribution pattern of plastic dissipative energy and plastic damage is discussed, and it is believed that the plastic dissipation in the surrounding rock is the key factor leading to the damage. Based on the on-site investigation and numerical simulation of the back-mining roadway of Huoerxinhe Coal Mine, the energy evolution law and control technology of the deformation of the surrounding rock of the mining roadway are further investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that: ① the distribution equation of plastic dissipative energy of non-uniform circular roadway peripheral rock is deduced, and it is theoretically concluded that the plastic dissipative energy will go through the development stages of circle-“square-like”-“butterfly”, the influence of different original rock stress fields, key rock material physical parameters and other factors on the differential distribution of dissipative energy in the tunnel enclosure was investigated. ② The energy evolution law of the roadway surrounding rock under the influence of mining was obtained, and the plastic zone was correlated with the plastic dissipation energy, revealing the evolution law of the plastic zone of the roadway surrounding rock under the effect of energy dissipation. ③ The influence of the effective support range on the dissipative energy of the roadway surrounding rock is obtained from the energy perspective, and through the theory of dissipative energy influencing the extension of plastic damage, accordingly, the support method of the roadway surrounding rock is proposed, so that in the event of plastic deformation of the roadway surrounding rock, the support is strengthened by strengthening the extension area of the dissipative energy, which will solidify the force state of the roadway surrounding rock, and avoid the worsening of the stress state of the surrounding rock caused by the instability of the roadway surrounding rock.