张海涛,许光泉,陈晓晴,等. 我国闭坑煤矿矿井水水质演化研究进展与展望[J]. 煤炭学报,2024,49(9):3944−3959. DOI: 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2023.1386
引用本文: 张海涛,许光泉,陈晓晴,等. 我国闭坑煤矿矿井水水质演化研究进展与展望[J]. 煤炭学报,2024,49(9):3944−3959. DOI: 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2023.1386
ZHANG Haitao,XU Guangquan,CHEN Xiaoqing,et al. Research progress and prospects on the water quality evolution of closed coal mine water in China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2024,49(9):3944−3959. DOI: 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2023.1386
Citation: ZHANG Haitao,XU Guangquan,CHEN Xiaoqing,et al. Research progress and prospects on the water quality evolution of closed coal mine water in China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2024,49(9):3944−3959. DOI: 10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2023.1386

我国闭坑煤矿矿井水水质演化研究进展与展望

Research progress and prospects on the water quality evolution of closed coal mine water in China

  • 摘要: 随着我国煤矿矿井关闭数量的逐渐增加,闭坑矿井水水质恶化和污染问题日益突出,准确掌握闭坑矿井水水质演化规律及机制,是目前闭坑矿山可持续绿色发展的重大科学难题,也是地下水污染有效防控和水资源合理开发利用的重要前提。在回顾关闭矿井发展历史的基础上,首先阐述了我国关闭矿井的分布情况,之后分别对闭坑矿井水水质特征、水质演化规律及水质演化的多场作用等方面展开综述,最后对我国闭坑矿井水水质研究中存在的关键问题和应用方向进行了展望。研究结果表明:① 截至2023年底,我国关闭矿井的数量已经上升到13 000多个,主要分布在山西、河南、河北、山东、江苏和安徽北部等地区;② 我国部分闭坑矿井水的pH、矿化度、硫酸盐、氟化物和铁锰重金属等水质指标含量超过Ⅲ类水标准,其中酸性矿井水(pH<6.5)主要分布在云贵、鲁西、山西等地区,高矿化度矿井水(TDS>1 000 mg/L)主要分布在鲁西、山西、河南、两淮、蒙东、宁东、新疆等地区,硫酸盐矿井水(硫酸盐质量浓度>250 mg/L)主要分布在云贵、鲁西、山西、蒙东、宁东、神东、新疆哈密等地区,氟化物矿井水(F质量浓度>1.0 mg/L)主要分布在两淮、山西、神东等地区,铁锰重金属矿井水(Fe质量浓度>0.3 mg/L、Mn质量浓度>0.1 mg/L)主要分布在云贵、鲁西、山西、蒙东等地区。③ 在闭坑矿井被完全淹没之前,其水质在空间上会出现明显的分层现象,即浅部的优质水层、中部的过渡水层和深部的劣质水层,这主要与矿井采掘空间分布、地温梯度和盐度等因素有关。④ 煤矿关闭后,矿井水水质的演变过程大致可分为3个阶段,第Ⅰ阶段为矿井水中典型污染物(硫酸盐和铁离子)质量浓度快速上升达并到峰值阶段,第Ⅱ阶段为污染物浓度快速下降阶段,第Ⅲ阶段为矿井水水质与邻近含水层地下水水质背景值相同并保持相对稳定阶段。⑤ 系统总结了我国闭坑矿井水动力场、水化学场、微生物场和温度场的研究进展,指出了闭坑矿井多相(水−岩−气−生)多场(水化学场−水动力场−微生物场−温度场)耦合作用机制的研究还不充分。⑥ 提出了我国闭坑矿井水水质演化问题的研究仍然面临着水质演化规律和水质演化机制不清楚等关键科学问题。

     

    Abstract: With the gradual increase in the number of closed coal mines in China, the deterioration and pollution of water quality in closed coal mines are becoming increasingly prominent. Accurately understanding the evolution laws and mechanisms of water quality in closed coal mines is a major scientific challenge for the sustainable and green development of closed coal mines, as well as an important prerequisite for effective prevention and control of groundwater pollution and rational development and utilization of water resources. Based on the review of the development history of closed coal mines, this paper first elaborated on the distribution of closed coal mines in China. Then, a review was conducted on the water quality characteristics, water quality evolution laws, and the multiple field effects of water quality evolution of closed mine water in China. Finally, the key issues and application directions in the research of closed mine water quality in China were prospected. The research results indicate that: ① as of the end of 2023, the number of closed coal mines in China has increased to 130 00, mainly distributed in the areas such as Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and northern Anhui. ② The pH, mineralization degree, sulfate, fluoride, and iron manganese heavy metal content of some closed mine water in China exceed the Class III water standard. Among them, the acidic mine water (pH < 6.5) is mainly distributed in Yungui, Luxi, Shanxi and other regions; the high mineralization mine water (TDS > 1 000 mg/L) is mainly distributed in Luxi, Shanxi, Henan, Huaihe, Inner Mongolia, Ningdong, Xinjiang and other regions; the sulfate mine water (sulfate concentration > 250 mg/L) is mainly distributed in Yungui, Luxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningdong, Shendong, Xinjiang Hami and other regions; the fluoride mine water (F content > 1.0 mg/L) is mainly distributed in the Huaihe River, Shanxi, Shendong and other regions; and the iron and manganese heavy metal mine water (Fe content > 0.3 mg/L, Mn content > 0.1 mg/L) is mainly distributed in Yungui, Luxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other regions. ③ Before the mine is completely submerged, there is a clear stratification phenomenon in the water quality of the mine water in space, namely the high-quality water layer in the shallow part, the transitional water layer in the middle part, and the low-quality water layer in the deep part, which is mainly related to the factors such as the spatial distribution of mining, geothermal gradient, and salinity. ④ After the closure of the coal mines, the evolution process of mine water quality can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is that the concentration of typical pollutants (sulfate and iron ions) in the closed mine water rapidly increases and reaches its peak, the second stage is that the concentration of pollutants rapidly decreases, and the third stage is that the closed mine water quality is the same as the background value of groundwater quality in adjacent aquifers and remains relatively stable. ⑤ The research progress on the chemical field, hydrodynamic field, microbial field, and temperature field of closed mine water in China is systematically summarized, and it is pointed out that the research on the coupling mechanism of multiphase (water-rock-gas generation) and multi-field (hydrochemical field-hydrodynamic field-microbial field-temperature field) in closed mine water is still insufficient. ⑥ It is pointed out that the research on the water quality evolution of closed mine water in China still faces some key scientific issues such as unclear water quality evolution laws and mechanisms.

     

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