Abstract: The different in surface soil microbial diversity, community structure, and the potential for carbon and nitrogen sequestration before and after hydraulic erosion in coal mine subsidence areas have been extensively investigated. However, the dynamic evolution characteristics under varying intensities of hydraulic erosion remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, 34 groups of surface soil samples were systematically collected from coal mine subsidence areas subjected to different hydraulic erosion intensities. High-throughput sequencing, structural equation modeling, and molecular ecological network analysis were employed to elucidate the characteristics, assembly mechanisms, and evolutionary patterns of bacterial communities in surface soils under mild, moderate, and severe hydraulic erosion conditions. The findings reveal that, in comparison to non-water erosion areas, soil organic carbon in coal mine subsidence areas decreased by 33.57%, 69.66%, and 82.63% under light, moderate, and severe hydraulic erosion intensities, respectively. Similarly, total nitrogen content decreased by 57.02%, 71.33%, and 85.28%. Concurrently, the Sobs index of the bacterial community exhibited reductions of 18.82%, 23.17%, and 36.60%, while the ACE index also showed declines of 22.96%, 25.83%, and 36.52%. Although random processes predominantly govern the surface soil bacterial community assembly model, the influence of random factors decreased while deterministic factors become more significant with increasing hydraulic erosion intensity. Additionally, the relationship between surface soil bacterial communities and environmental factors became increasingly intimate, whereas the rates of cooperation, information exchange, and energy transfer among bacteria gradually decelerated. These results offer novel insights into the interactions between surface soil microorganisms and carbon and nitrogen dynamics during hydraulic erosion process.