Abstract: China’s coal mining technology has undergone many innovations, with continuous improvements in the intensification and modernization levels of coal production. To achieve high-quality energy development in the new era, low-carbon development and clean utilization of coal resources are imperative. This paper proposes a four-element development model of coal resources aligned with high-quality energy development, namely constructing an integrated underground development system comprising roadway layout (excavation), coal mining (mining), coal gangue separation (selection), and solid waste backfilling (backfilling). This creates a coordinated production system layout of underground excavation-mining-selection-backfilling. A theoretical and technical framework for the quaternary development model is established. Theoretical aspects encompass key scientific issues such as mine quaternary development system layout methods, rock strata control theory for backfill mining, separation methods under constrained spatial conditions of quaternary development, and performance regulation mechanisms for solid waste in the quaternary development. Technological aspects include critical development technologies such as preparatory excavation, efficient mining-backfilling, high-efficiency separation, and preparation and deployment of backfilling materials. An engineering design method for the quaternary development of coal resources is presented, elaborating on the theoretical and methodological innovations of the quaternary development model from the perspectives of system layout, surrounding rock control, underground separation, and material performance regulation. Additionally, core technologies closely associated with the four-element framework, including roadway layout, coal mining, coal gangue separation, and solid waste backfilling, are systematically reviewed. Typical engineering practice cases validate the significant advantages of the quaternary development model in emission reduction, energy conservation, mitigation of mining disturbances, and improved resource recovery rates. The quaternary development model effectively resolves the contradiction between resource exploitation and environmental protection, representing an important path for the green and low-carbon development of China’s coal resources. In the future, it will integrate with the demands of new energy development in mines, further expanding its theoretical and technological systems.