Abstract: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) promotes industrial development and economic complementarities among countries, increasing demand for energy resources. However, developing these resources can result in numerous ecological and environmental issues, such as ecological degradation, landscape fragmentation, and water pollution, which threaten global environmental security and exacerbate climate change. Few studies have focused on the environmental damage and restoration potential of mineral development among the countries and regions involved in BRI. Therefore, the net ecosystem productivity (Net Ecosystem Productivity, NEP) loss resulting from mining activities in the BRI countries was estimated using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform and the Global Environmental Science Database, with ecological recovery potential assessed through the Random Forest (RF). The results indicate that: From 2000 to 2020, the total NEP of mining areas in the countries jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative showed a significant phased fluctuating downward trend. Measured in terms of carbon equivalent (the same below), the net reduction was 282.1 Gg/a, with a decrease rate as high as 30.6%. 53.1% of the mining areas in the countries co-constructing the Belt and Road exhibit a net NEP loss, with an overall loss of 2262.5 Gg/a, an annual loss of 151.2 g/ (m²·a), and the increasing NEP loss highlights the worsening negative impacts of mining activities on the ecosystems of these regions. The mining areas in the BRI countries possess a certain degree of ecological recovery potential, with an average annual NEP recovery potential of 10.8 g/ (m²·a) and a maximum recovery potential of 269.7 g/ (m²·a). However, there are significant regional disparities in the NEP recovery potentials across different mining areas, with the highest NEP recovery potential found in the South American countries of BRI, reaching up to 16.1 g/ (m²·a). The lowest NEP recovery potential was found in the European countries of BRI, which was only 7.9 g/ (m²·a). Soil organic carbon, annual precipitation, and gross primary productivity are the primary driving factors for NEP recovery. Given the substantial variation in natural conditions across different regions, it is essential to implement differentiated ecological management strategies and adaptive management models. This study elucidates the ecological damage and restoration potential stemming from mining in the BRI countries, providing a scientific foundation for ecological restoration and planning decision-making in response to global climate change and damaged mining areas.