Abstract: The coal-hosted critical metal elements refer to metal elements enriched in coal seams with significant economic value and strategic importance, which can reach industrially exploitable grades under specific geological conditions. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to analyze the No. 16-2 (C16-2) and No. 24-2 (C24-2) coal seams of the Upper Permian Longtan Formation in the Ludong coal mine, Dongshan Town, Qujing City, eastern Yunnan. The results that quartz, kaolinite, and pyrite are abundant in C16-2 and C24-2 coals, while minerals such as anatase, illite, and calcite are less abundant, while chromium spinel, an uncommon mineral in coal, was identified under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The major elements in both coal seams are primarily SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and TiO₂, with other oxides present in minor amounts. In C16-2 coal, trace elements such as V, Cu, Se, Y, and Mo are slightly enriched, whereas C24-2 coal shows significant enrichment of Ge, along with Li, V, Zn, Ga, Mo, La, Ce, and Pr. The rare earth elements (REEs) in both coal seams are predominantly light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched, except for samples C16-2-2, C16-2-6, and Y-1, which exhibit light-to-middle REE enrichment. Both coal seams display a pronounced positive Y anomaly. Research indicates that the Kangdian Upland was likely the main source area for the Longtan Formation in the Ludong coal mine, with inputs from Emeishan basaltic rocks. The enrichment of critical metal elements in the coals may also have been influenced by hydrothermal activity. Based on pyrite content, occurrence, w(V)/w(V+Ni) and w(V)/w(Cr), the Ludong coal mine coals were affected by seawater during deposition. Additionally, the varying w(Rb)/w(Zr) in the two coals indicate different degrees of marine regression influence during the Late Permian. Through trace element content and mineral occurrence, the research clarifies that the enrichment of critical metal elements in the Ludong coal mine coals results from the coupled effects of source supply, hydrothermal fluids, and sedimentary environment.