Abstract: To investigate the dynamic response and damage mechanism of anchored structures under repeated impact loads, a combined approach of theoretical analysis, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations is employed to conduct the study of the dynamic mechanical behavior of end-anchored anchor bodies subjected to “multiple low-energy impacts followed by fewer high-energy impacts”. Based on one-dimensional stress wave theory and the Kelvin elastic solution, an analytical model for stress wave propagation and superposition in the rock bolt is established. Utilizing a self-developed impact testing system for anchored structures, the dynamic mechanical behavior of the anchoring system under different energy-level cyclic impacts is quantitatively analyzed. The results show that a significant stress wave superposition effect exists in the free segment of the rock bolt, with the peak stress exhibiting a segmented distribution characteristic. Within the anchored segment, the stress wave decays exponentially with propagation distance, Within the anchored segment, the stress wave decays exponentially with propagation distance, and the reflection coefficient at the anchored-free interface was measured to be 0.332, reflecting significant waveform reflection characteristics caused by impedance mismatch. Under repeated impacts, the anchoring interface exhibits a clear progressive failure characteristic, with rupture initiating at the anchored-free interface and gradually propagating deeper, forming a tripartite failure morphology of “composite failure zone−damage front zone−intact zone”.The cumulative displacement of the anchored structure shows stage-wise nonlinear growth with the number of impacts, especially after exceeding the energy threshold, where the single maximum displacement induced by a high-energy impact surges to 5 mm, this indicates that the interface has transitioned from micro-damage accumulation to a state of macroscopic plastic failure, Numerical simulation results further reveal the interaction mechanism between damage accumulation and stress wave propagation, interface damage of the anchored structure initiates near the anchored-free interface and expands inward, causing the energy dissipation mechanism to shift from being dominated by bond-slip (attenuation coefficient α = 0.35) to friction dominance (α decreases to 0.12), Consequently, an abrupt change in stress wave attenuation characteristics is triggered. These findings reproduce the performance degradation process of anchored structures under cyclic loading and provide a theoretical basis for optimizing support designs and assessing dynamic stability in deep, high-stress roadways.