“爆破致裂+压裂驱动”均匀卸压增透防突技术研究及应用

Research and application of “blasting fracturing + fracturing drive” uniform pressure relief antireflection and outburst prevention technology

  • 摘要: 煤与瓦斯突出是制约深部煤炭资源安全高效开采的主要灾害之一。传统煤巷条带瓦斯治理技术受煤层高地应力与低渗透性的影响,普遍存在治理周期长、效率低等问题。为提高煤巷条带的治理效率、消除掘进工作面的突出危险性,笔者提出了“爆破致裂+压裂驱动”均匀卸压增透防突技术。该技术首先在煤巷条带外轮廓线施工控制孔,通过对控制孔水力冲孔重构煤层局部应力场、缓解应力集中;随后在控制孔几何中心处施工爆压孔对煤层进行预裂爆破,在爆压孔内形成均匀爆生裂隙;进一步利用爆生裂隙尖端应力集中效应引导水力压裂裂隙起裂,并结合控制孔所形成的卸压空间,促使水压裂隙定向扩展并与控制孔贯通;最终通过爆生裂隙与控制孔的梯级导控作用,构建均匀水力压裂裂隙网络,实现控制区域内煤层均匀卸压增透。基于此,揭示了控制孔缓解煤层应力集中作用机理和爆压逐级致裂均匀缝网构建机制。结果表明,当控制孔与爆压孔连线方向与最大主应力方向呈45°、孔间距为5倍控制孔半径时,控制孔能够调控爆生裂隙尖端的二次应力场引导裂缝扩展。与此同时,开发了成套技术装备实现了水封耦合爆破和控制压裂的安全高效作业。该技术在平煤股份八矿己15煤层进行了现场试验。结果表明:与传统工艺相比,钻孔工程量减少75%,治理周期显著缩短;抽采90 d后,钻孔瓦斯抽采体积分数提升2.4倍,抽采流量提升2.5倍;90 d累计瓦斯抽采量是传统治理技术的1.5倍。实现了“靶向致裂–协同卸压–高效抽采”的有机统一,为深部高瓦斯煤层灾害治理提供了创新解决方案。

     

    Abstract: Coal and gas outburst is one of the primary disasters restricting the safe and efficient mining of deep coal resources. Traditional gas control technologies for coal roadway strips are generally plagued by long treatment cycles and low efficiency due to the influence of high in-situ stress and low permeability of coal seams. To improve the control efficiency of coal roadway strips and eliminate the outburst danger at the heading face, this paper proposes a "blasting fracturing + fracturing driving" technology for uniform pressure relief and permeability enhancement. This technology first involves constructing control boreholes along the outer contour of the coal roadway strip. Through hydraulic flushing of these control boreholes, the local stress field is reconstructed to relieve stress concentration. Subsequently, a blasting-fracturing borehole is constructed at the geometric center of the control boreholes to perform pre-splitting blasting on the coal seam, forming uniform blast-induced cracks within the borehole. Furthermore, the stress concentration effect at the tips of the blast-induced cracks is utilized to guide the initiation of hydraulic fractures. Combined with the pressure relief space created by the control boreholes, this promotes the directional propagation of hydraulic fractures until they connect with the control boreholes. Ultimately, through the cascade guiding effect of the blast-induced cracks and control boreholes, a uniform hydraulic fracturing fracture network is established, achieving uniform pressure relief and permeability enhancement within the controlled area. Based on this, the paper reveals the mechanism by which control boreholes relieve coal seam stress concentration and the mechanism of constructing a uniform fracture network via stepwise blasting and fracturing. The results indicate that when the connecting line between the control borehole and the blasting-fracturing borehole forms a 45° angle with the direction of the maximum principal stress, and the spacing is 5 times the control borehole radius, the control borehole can regulate the secondary stress field at the tips of the blast-induced cracks to guide fracture propagation. Simultaneously, a complete set of technical equipment was developed to achieve safe and efficient operations for water-sealed coupled blasting and controlled fracturing. Field tests were conducted in the Ji-15 coal seam of the No. 8 Mine of Pingmei Co., Ltd. The results show that compared with traditional techniques, the drilling workload was reduced by 75%, and the control cycle was significantly shortened. After 90 d of extraction, the gas drainage concentration increased by 2.4 times, the drainage flow rate increased by 2.5 times, and the cumulative gas extraction volume over 90 d was 1.5 times that of traditional control technologies. This technology achieves the organic integration of “targeted fracturing, synergistic pressure relief, and efficient extraction”, providing an innovative solution for disaster control in deep high-gas coal seams.

     

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