Abstract: Deep coalbed methane (DCBM), as a crucial successor to China’s unconventional natural gas resources, possesses substantial resource potential and broad exploration prospects, and has become an increasingly important component of the national energy security strategy. Since the beginning of the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, driven by favorable policies and advances in key technologies, China’s DCBM exploration and development framework has undergone systematic reconstruction. Geological theories, evaluation methodologies, and engineering technologies have been continuously refined, leading to the establishment of a geo-engineering integrated technical system adapted to complex geological conditions. From a geological perspective, the coupling mechanisms among coal-bearing sedimentation, hydrocarbon generation, reservoir formation, and gas migration have become increasingly well understood. The reservoir-forming theory has evolved from single-factor control to a multi-field coupling model, while the characterization of gas enrichment patterns has progressed from qualitative description to quantitative modeling. In exploration technology, integrated geological–engineering sweet-spot evaluation, complex structural target prediction, and high-resolution geophysical and logging interpretation techniques have matured substantially, greatly improving the accuracy of favorable-zone identification and drilling targeting. In development engineering, an efficient production process has been established for deep, low-permeability, and high-stress coal reservoirs, centered on horizontal-well multi-stage volume fracturing and intelligent pressure-controlled drainage. Demonstration blocks such as Daning–Jixian, Linxing–Shenfu, and southern Yanchuan have achieved stable and efficient gas production. Field practice has verified the engineering feasibility and industrial potential of large-scale DCBM development; However, challenges remain, including high structural complexity, strong reservoir heterogeneity, limited process adaptability, and inadequate system integration. Looking toward the “15th Five-Year Plan” period, research should focus on elucidating the multi-field coupling mechanisms governing seepage dynamics and drainage behavior in deep coal seams, and on refining the coordination between stimulation and production processes. The integration of intelligent development technologies with engineering practices should be strengthened, while standardized and replicable demonstration systems should be established to advance DCBM development from “recoverable resources” toward “efficient production” in both theory and practice.