Abstract: Compressed air energy storage (CAES) in closed mines offers a novel solution for large-scale energy storage during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. However, underground spaces disturbed by mining are often highly fractured and permeable, posing unique challenges for CAES. To address four inherent characteristics of closed mines, namely narrow cross-sections, long-distance roadways, high air leakage, and highly damaged surrounding rock, this paper proposes a distributed CAES concept that divides abandoned roadways into independent storage units. Each unit can charge and discharge independently to respond to grid load fluctuations, and multiple units can operate collaboratively to maintain system stability. Focusing on four key scientific problems, including energy conversion and distributed storage coordination control, air leakage mechanisms and storage capacity evaluation, time-dependent deformation and spatial reconstruction of surrounding rock, as well as distributed spatial feature extraction, this work establishes four corresponding theoretical frameworks. These are thermodynamics of compressed air energy conversion in narrow-long spaces, a thermo-hydro-gas-mechanical (THGM) multi-field coupling model for leakage analysis, time-dependent damage of surrounding rock under cyclic loading, and multi-source multi-level data fusion for energy efficiency evaluation; time-dependent damage of surrounding rock under cyclic loading; and multi-source, multi-level data fusion for energy efficiency evaluation. Based on these frameworks, four key technology systems are proposed: multi-cavern collaborative control; air leakage characterization and storage capacity evaluation under THGM coupling; surrounding rock health classification and spatial reconstruction under compressed air charging–discharging cycles; and multi-source, multi-level data fusion for energy efficiency evaluation of distributed CAES. Finally, a four-stage development plan is defined, including basic research, technological breakthroughs, integrated verification, and engineering demonstration. A hundred-megawatt-scale engineering demonstration is expected by 2032, forming a collaborative development model that integrates closed mine resource utilization, large-scale clean energy storage, and green mining area transformation. Development suggestions are provided from the perspectives of planning, technology, industry, and standardization, aiming to support China’s large-scale energy storage construction, green and low-carbon energy transition, and implementation of the deep-earth space strategy.