Abstract: In recent years,with the rapid development of material science,coal resources with abundant natural reserves have become important carbon source materials for high value utilization.Coal has high carbon content similar to other carbon source materials,and has special chemical and abundant molecular physical structure characteristics of coal component molecules.Therefore,carbon atoms with different molecular physical structures can be hybridized and self-assembled due to the influence of environmental factors such as high temperature,electromagnetic field and redox and the need of directional preparation of molecular structure in the process of preparation of coal-based carbon materials.Thus,different hybrid pure carbon materials and hybrid carbon doped coal based carbon materials can be prepared directionally.At the same time,the functional properties and application fields of different coal-based carbon materials were constructed by different hybrid carbon atoms.The formation,properties and applications of the leading functional carbon materials with large specific surface and porous from coal-based carbon sources are studied.Firstly,the composition of different types of hybrid carbon-based carbon materials is introduced.Then,the transformation and formation rules and preparation methods of coal-based activated carbon,carbon nanotubes (CNTs),Graphene and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and other coal-based cutting-edge carbon materials and carbon/carbon composites were emphatically revealed and summarized.Based on the structural characteristics of coal-based carbon materials,the corresponding physicochemical,quantum,photoelectric and material properties and related basic characteristics are described.The characteristics of coal-based carbon materials,such as low density,large specific surface,excellent photoelectric properties,biocompatibility and chemical activity,were revealed and constructed.Finally,the development prospect of coal-based carbon materials in ecological environment,biomedicine,new energy and photoelectric materials is prospected.